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Which ones must be plugged in? which do what?

SATA and power?

Right one being power and the left one being SATA. Not sure what the 8.pin connector on the left is.

8 Pin connector is just for them little jumper plug things if they are needed, but on SATA HDD's they shouldn't be needed

Make sure you use the right cable. If you get a 6 gb/s data drive don't use a 3 gb/s cable, so check your motherboard manual!

SATA cables are SATA cables they don't need to be 6gb/s or anything! The speed is determined by the Motherboard and the HDD!

Yea I know the Sata port on your motherboard determines this, but the cables also give a difference. Thats why mono manufacturers give you different cables. I used the sata 3 cable on my optical drive and the sata 6 on my ssd and 1 tb. Anyway your right.