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Basic Guide to Creating a Markov Chain-Driven Twitter Bot

Over the past few weeks I’ve been playing around with different ways of making Twitter bots (automated Twitter accounts). I don’t have much to show for it yet— most of my experimentation has been with @schlinkbot, which probably doesn’t look too impressive at this point. But I’ve learned some foundational stuff.

Anyway, in this post I’m going to be going over how to use a Ruby gem called Twitter Ebooks by GitHub user mispy to make a Twitter bot. There are of course other ways of doing this, but Twitter Ebooks has some nice features. Note: I’m still new to this gem/framework, so excuse any problems. But I did get the bot up and tweeting and replying.

You can read more about Twitter Ebooks at You must login or register to view this content.

Wait, What is This?

Right, so Twitter Ebooks is basically a framework written in Ruby that allows users to create their own Twitter bots. You can think of it like a Twitter bot factory. We want to use it to make one Twitter bot.

Our bot, using Twitter Ebooks, will connect to Twitter using the You must login or register to view this content. This will allow us to send tweets and listen for mentions of our bot. Actually running the bot involves us: (1) creating a twitter account for the bot, (2) registering a Twitter app for the bot, (3) creating a bot with Twitter Ebooks, then (4) running the Ruby code that runs the bot.

Twitter Ebooks, and the bots created with it, are written in a programming language called Ruby. It’s what’s called a Ruby gem, which we’ll need to download in a special way in order to use.

Where Will My Bot Get Its Content From?

Twitter Ebooks uses a pseudo-Markov generator to generate text for the bot to tweet. Basically it’s going to mash-up text from a “real” Twitter account (like your personal account perhaps), and spit it back out all mashed up. Hopefully that sounds cool to you. It can be pretty poetic!

What You’ll Need to Set Up a Twitter Bot This Way

You’ll need a basic Ruby coding environment. I think the bare minimum would be a fresh install of XCode or Command Line Tools, which you can download from Apple, and RVM. You’ll also need a code editor like Sublime Text 2 or 3. If you can install Ruby gems you’re ready to roll.

Setup Step 1: Configuration

First step is to install the Twitter Ebooks Ruby gem. To do this open your Terminal and enter

    gem install twitter_ebooks

. Hopefully it installs successfully. If it doesn’t you probably don’t have XCode or Command Line Tools set up correctly, or you don’t have RVM (or an equivalent Ruby version manager) installed correctly (see above).

Now you’ll want to use the Unix commands

    cd

and

    mkdir

to make a folder for your bot project. When you’re in the proper directory, run

    ebooks new my_test_bot

(or whatever you want to call your bot). Now open the

    bots.rb

file in your code editor. This is where you tell your bot how to act and thus will be where we’ll do most of our coding.

This would be a good time to go create the Twitter account that will be your bot. For example, I went and made @schlinkbot. Write down the password somewhere.

Now we need to create a “Twitter app.” While logged in as your bot account, head over to [link]https://apps.twitter.com/[/link]. Hit the create new app button in the top right and fill out the form. It doesn’t really matter what you put here, just be sure to leave Callback URL blank and agree to terms. If it asks, choose the highest level of permissions (read, write, direct messages). (Note: Since writing this blog post, I think Twitter has changed their API rules such that for an account to create a new account, it needs to have a phone number attached to it. If, like me, your one real phone number is attached to your real, non-bot account, You must login or register to view this content.may be useful here.)

Let’s head over to the “Permissions” tab and make sure our app asks for “Read, Write and Access direct messages”. With the checked, hit “Update Settings.” Now go to the “Keys and Access Tokens” tab. Scroll down and click the “Generate My Access Token and Token Secret” button.

Cool. We now have 4 long token/secrets on this page. These 4 codes will allow our app to read and post to the bot’s Twitter account. The 4 codes are: consumer key (API key), consumer secret (API secret), access token, and access token secret.

Now, while keeping your browser open to that page, open

    bots.rb

in your text editor.

By default you’re given a bare-bones example, but I’d suggest replacing that with my slightly more built-up example below, which I based off of the bot example in You must login or register to view this content.

    require 'twitter_ebooks'



# This is an example bot definition with event handlers commented out

# You can define and instantiate as many bots as you like



class MyBot < Ebooks::Bot

  # Configuration here applies to all MyBots

  attr_accessor riginal, :model, :model_path



  def configure

    # Consumer details come from registering an app at https://dev.twitter.com/

    # Once you have consumer details, use "ebooks auth" for new access tokens

    self.consumer_key = '' # Your app consumer key

    self.consumer_secret = '' # Your app consumer secret



    # Users to block instead of interacting with

    self.blacklist = ['tnietzschequote']



    # Range in seconds to randomize delay when bot.delay is called

    self.delay_range = 1..6

  end



  def on_startup

    load_model!



    scheduler.every '24h' do

      # Tweet something every 24 hours

      # See https://github.com/jmettraux/rufus-scheduler

      # tweet("hi")

      # pictweet("hi", "cuteselfie.jpg")

    end



    scheduler.every '57m' do

      statement = model.make_statement(140)

      tweet(statement)

    end

  end



  def on_message(dm)

    # Reply to a DM

    # reply(dm, "secret secrets")

  end



  def on_follow(user)

    # Follow a user back

    # follow(user.screen_name)

  end



  def on_mention(tweet)

    # Reply to a mention

    # reply(tweet, "oh hullo")

  end



  def on_timeline(tweet)

    # Reply to a tweet in the bot's timeline

    # reply(tweet, "nice tweet")

  end



  private

  def load_model!

    return if @model



    @model_path ||= "model/#{original}.model"



    log "Loading model #{model_path}"

    @model = Ebooks::Model.load(model_path)

  end

end



# Make a MyBot and attach it to an account

MyBot.new("schlinkbot") do |bot|

  bot.access_token = "" # Token connecting the app to this account

  bot.access_token_secret = "" # Secret connecting the app to this account



  bot.original = "sts10"

end

NOTE: Here is a You must login or register to view this content. of the above code if that’s easier for you to read/copy-and-paste.

First off, let’s fill in those 4 codes. The first two go up top where it says

    self.consumer_key

and

    self.consumer_secret

. The second two go down at the bottom at

    bot.access_token

and

    bot.access_token_secret

. In all 4 cases, put the codes between the quotation marks.

Next, change out

    "schlinkbot"

to the handle of your Twitterbot. And change

    "sts10"

to whatever “real” Twitter account you want your bot to imitate. This “real” account with populate something that Twitter Ebooks calls the “model”.

OK, let’s save that

    bots.rb

file and go back to the command line. Now run the following lines from within your bots directory:

    bundle install

ebooks archive sts10 corpus/sts10.json

ebooks consume corpus/sts10.json

This went and grabbed your real Twitter account’s tweets so that your bot can mimic it. If you have trouble, this is You must login or register to view this content. where I found this series of commands.

Now, to actually run the bot, enter

    ebooks start

. Since we only entered the bare minimum into the

    bots.rb

file, your bot literally does nothing at this point, but if you saw something like:

    @schlinkbot: Loading model model/sts10.model

@schlinkbot: starting tweet stream

@schlinkbot: Online!

We’re in good shape. To stop your bot, hit Control + c in the terminal.

Step 2: Give Your Bot Instructions on How to Act

In my example above, I give you two important lines of code:

    scheduler.every '57m' do

    statement = model.make_statement(140)

    tweet(statement)

end

Using a scheduler, this code tweets a Markov-generated “statement” that is 140 characters long every 57 minutes. Obviously you can make it tweet more or less often by changing that

    57m

.

Now knowing how the model generates Markov text, let’s look at how we’d instruct the bot to reply to users with a Markov statement in addition to sending statements out every 57 minutes.

    def on_mention(tweet)

    # Reply to a mention

    statement = model.make_statment(120)

    reply(tweet, statement)

end

So now instead of just tweeting out the 140 characters, we are replying to whatever tweet mentioned our bot.

        @ryanvailbrown The last-ditch missile plan failed, sig up their Nobel Peace Prizes.

    — Schlink Bot (@schlinkbot) December 20, 2014

Restarting Your Bot

As I said above, to stop your bot hit Control + c in Terminal. To start it again, navigate to the correct directory and run

    ebooks start

.

Running Your Bot NOT On Your Local Machine (i.e. Semi-Permanently)

As you’ve probably surmised, following this guide means you’ll only be able to run your bot on your local machine. As in, your bot will only tweet/reply to tweets while you’re running the Ruby program. To have your bot run forever, you’ll need to push your finished code to a cloud hosting service like [url=As you’ve probably surmised, following this guide means you’ll only be able to run your bot on your local machine. As in, your bot will only tweet/reply to tweets while you’re running the Ruby program. To have your bot run forever, you’ll need to push your finished code to a cloud hosting service like You must login or register to view this content., as the You must login or register to view this content.suggests. I haven’t done this yet, mostly because I forget how Heroku works and I’m still frequently playing with my

    bots.rb

settings.

Going Forward

There are plenty more “event handlers” in the

    bots.rb

file to play with—

    on_message

    on_follow

    on_timeline

for example. For more ideas, check out You must login or register to view this content.

Great tutorial! Keep up the good work...

Do you even know what any of this means?