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Introduction

Hello NGU, Well I found some old notes that I had while I was learning java in school. So I thought I would post some of them here for people that are trying learn java and want understand how certain things work and not just copying and pasting code. I have also have not seen a lot of java based threads on NGU so I hope this will help.

---

What is Java ?

Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is the underlying technology that powers state-of-the-art programs including utilities, games, and business applications. Java runs on more than 850 million personal computers worldwide, and on billions of devices worldwide, including mobile and TV devices. - (Sun Microsystems)

---

Why do we need Java?

There are lots of applications and websites that won't work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere!
- (Sun Microsystems)

---

Help me out NGU community

Java has many components to it like any other programing language, it would be impossible for me to post everything so if I am missing something that you think is very important to beginners please,help me out and send me a brief definition and I will post it up and give you FULL CREDIT.




[multipage=Java Classes/Good Programming Style]
Java Classes/Good Programming

---

Java Classes

A Java program consists of one or more classes. Each class has a name and must be saved:

1. In a separate file with the same name as the class and
   
2. With the file extension .java

For example, a class called MyFirstClass must be saved as MyFirstClass.java.

Java applications must have a main method. (i.e. public static void main (String [] agrs)

Java packages are a group of classes that can help you write programs.

• java.lang — basic language functionality and fundamental types
  
• java.util — collection data structure classes
  
• java.io — file operations
  
• java.math — multiprecision arithmetics
  
• java.nio — the New I/O framework for Java
  
• java.net — networking operations, sockets, DNS lookups, ...
  
• java.security — key generation, encryption and decryption
  
• java.sql — Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) to access databases
  
• java.awt — basic hierarchy of packages for native GUI components
  
• javax.swing — hierarchy of packages for platform-independent rich GUI components
  
• java.applet — classes for creating an applet
  

---

Format of a Java Program

• declare packages used
  
• declare the name of the class (TitleCase without spaces)
  
• declare methods
  
• declare variables

You cannot run a Java class unless it contains a main method.

---

Good Programming Style

Create a header at the beginning of each program which contains

• your name
  
• the date
  
• a brief description of the program

Use comments (i.e. // here is my comment)

Use informative variable names (firstLetterLowerCase without spaces, case sensitive)

Indent

Line up brackets

---

A Sample JAVA Application

    // Name: NGU

// Date: 09/17/2009

// Description:  This program outputs Hello, World!

class Greeting

{

  public static void main (String [] agrs)

  {



     // output Hello, World!

     System.out.println (“Hello, World!”;



  }

}

---

References

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[multipage=Java Output Basics]
Java Output Basics

---

Println V.S Print
There are 2 methods that can be used to display output: println and print.

For example:

    System.out.println(“123456789”;

System.out.print(“Hello”;

System.out.println(“o you see a difference?”;

The main difference is quite simple println prints on a new line, where as print prints on the same line.

---

Strings and Numbers (int, double etc)

Java interprets any symbols inside a set of quotation marks (“ ” as a string/group of characters.

In Java, a whole number is referred to as an int and a decimal number is referred to as a double. To perform mathematical calculations in java you can use the println/print method.

Java follows the rules of BEDMAS:

1st Brackets (…
2nd Division/Multiplication / *
3rd Addition/Subtraction + -

Output Strings and Numbers (at the same time)

You can use the + (plus) operator to display strings and numbers in the same output statement.

For example:

Code	Output
System.out.println(“The value of 7 x 4 is ” + 7*4);	The value of 7 x 4 is 28
System.out.println(“The value of 7 x 4 is ” + “7*4”;	The value of 7 x 4 is 7 * 4
System.out.println(7 + 7);	14

Note: The + sign between two numbers will act as addition.

[multipage=Java Formating Output]
Java Formating Output

---

Escape Sequence

An escape sequence is a backslash (\) followed by a symbol that together represent a character. Escape sequences are used to display special characters.
More info at: You must login or register to view this content.

Escape Sequence	Description	Sample Code	Output
\n	Insert a newline in the text at this point.	System.out.println(“First line\nnext line.” );	First line next line
\t	Insert a tab in the text at this point.	System.out.println(“Hey\tbob!”;	HeyLLLLLbob!
\”	Insert a double quotation in the text at this point.	System.out.println(“Jason says, \”Hello!\””;	Jason says, “Hello!”
\’	Insert a single quotation in the text at this point.	System.out.println(“Someone\’s pen.”;	Someone’s pen.
\\	Insert a slash in the text at this point.	System.out.println(“This is a \\”;	This is a \

---

Formatting Output

You can use format() method to format the display/output.

For example:

    System.out.format(“%-8s%8s”, “HELLO”, “WORLD”;

Output
HELLO WORLD

H

E

L

L

O

W

O

R

L

D

%[alignment][width]s is a specifier. % indicates the start of a specifier. [alignment] indicates right alignment (nothing) or left alignment (-). [width] indicates the number of character to use for output. “s” indicates that the corresponding argument is a string. Use “d” for integers.
Find out more at: You must login or register to view this content.

---

Field Width

A field width indicates the number of character positions reserved for outputting an item. You can use field widths to format your output. You may use a System.out.format () with the combination of % to achieve that purpose.

EXAMPLE 1:

    System.out.format(“My name is %10s.“, “Cherie”;

Output: My name is ^^^^Cherie.

EXAMPLE 2:

    System.out.format(“%-10s %10s %10s\n“, “Item”, “Quantity”, “Price($)”;

System.out.format(“%-10s%10d%10.2f\n”, “Book”, 2, 12.3);

System.out.format(“%-10s%10d%10.2f\n”, “Pen”, 12, 5.36);

System.out.format(“%-10s%10d%10.2f\n”, “Gift”, 1, 31);

Note:
s – to display a string
d – to display an integer
f – to display a float

Output:
Item^^^^^^|^^Quantity|^^Price($)
Book^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^^2|^^^^^12.30
Pen^^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^12|^^^^^^5.36
Gift^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^^1|^^^^^31.00

NOTICE: A negative number of spaces (e.g. %-10s) are left-justified (spaces at the end) and an unsigned (or positive) number of spaces (%10d) are right justified (spaces at the beginning).

Rounding Decimals
To round decimal numbers, specify the field width then use a period (.) followed by a number representing the number of decimal places you want to output. You can use 0 as a default field size.

    System.out.format(“Test 1 %8.2f%%”, 0.257);

Output: Test 1 ^^^^0.26%



[multipage=Java Data Types and Variables]
Java Data Types and Variables

---

Data Types

Data Type	Category	Bits	Description of data
byte	Integers	8	A whole number in the range of -128 ~ 127
short	Integers	16	A whole number in the range of -32,768 ~ +32,767
int	Integers	32	A whole number in the range of -2,147,483,648 ~ +2,147,483,647
long	Integers	64	A whole number in the range of -263 /-3.4 x 1038 ~ +263/3.4 x 1038 -1
float	Real numbers	32	A decimal number in the range of -1.8 x 10 308 ~ +1.8 x 10 308
double	Real numbers	64	A real number with a decimal number
boolean	Boolean	1	Either the value true or the value false
char	Character	16	A single character, eg. ‘a’, ‘4’, ‘#’
String	Character(s)	(N/A)	A group of one or more characters in double quotes

---

Variables

Java programs are usually interactive and require input from the user. This input must be stored in computer memory. In Java, this process is achieved by declaring variables.

---

Naming Rules - Rules that must be followed

1. Case sensitive (i.e. myString is different from mystring)
   
2. Cannot start with a digit
   
3. Can only contain a letter of the alphabet, a digit, the underscore character or a Unicode currency symbol ($)
   
4. Cannot contain spaces
   
5. Cannot be a reserved word (or keyword) (e.g. String, int, etc)
   

---

Naming Conventions - Guidelines that should be followed

1. Should start with lowercase letters. Uppercase letters and underscores can be used to make the meaning clearer (e.g. timeAtStart ortime_at_start).
   
2. Currency symbols should be avoided.
   
3. Names should be meaningful.
   

---

Declaring Variables

A variable must be declared before it is used. A declaration takes the form:

        <data_type> <variable_name/identifier>

Examples:

    String  myString;



int  myInt1, myInt2;



double  myDouble;

boolean myBoolean;

---

Declaring Variables

    String  myString;

myString = “Java is FUN!”;

System.out.println (myString);



int  myInt1, myInt2;

myInt1 = 3;

myInt2 = 4;



System.out.println (myInt1 + myInt2);

[multipage=Java Input]
Java Input

---

Input

An application is more flexible when values can be read from an input stream. An input stream is the sequence of characters received from an input device, such as a keyboard. For example, as a user types data, the data goes into the input stream. To process data in the input stream, Java includes the Scanner class with methods for reading integers, floating point numbers, and strings.
To use the Scanner class, we need to import the class from java.util.Scanner. It can be done as follow:

    import java.util.Scanner; //import the Scanner class from util package

or

    import java.util.*; //import the entire util package includes Scanner class

Remember to put the import statement before any class definitions.

---

String Input : next() method

    

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);        //initiate a Scanner object that getting input stream //from a keyboard

String myString;        //variable declaration



System.out.print (“Enter a String: ”;        //prompting the user for input

myString = input.next ();        //storing the user’s input in the variable myString



System.out.println (“You entered: ”+ myString);        //outputting what the user input

The next() method only reads one string without spaces (eg. “Hello”. If there is a string contains a space (e.g. “Hello world”, nextLine() will be used to read the string.

---

Integer Input: nextInt() method

    

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);        //initiate a Scanner object that getting input stream                             //from a keyboard

int myInt;                        //variable declaration



System.out.print (“Enter an integer: ”;    //prompting the user for input

myInt = input.nextInt();                       //storing the user’s input in the variable myInt



System.out.println (“You entered: ”+ myInt);     //outputting what the user input

---

Real(decimal numbers) Input: nextDouble() method

    Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);        //initiate a Scanner object that getting input stream                             //from a keyboard

double myDouble;                     //variable declaration



System.out.print (“Enter a real number: ”;    //prompting the user for input

myDouble = input.nextDouble();                   //storing the user’s input in the variable myDouble



System.out.println (“You entered: ”+ myDouble);//outputting what the user input

---

A Simple Program

    /**

*  NameAndAge.java

*  NGU

*  01/14/2009

* Description:  This program prompts the user for their name and age and displays a message

*/



import java.util.Scanner;



class NameAndAge

{

  public static void main (String [] agrs)

  {

     //declaring variables

     Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);    //initiate a Scanner

//object that gets input stream from a keyboard

    String name;

        int age;                                  

          

     // prompting user for name

     System.out.print ("Please enter your name: ");

     name = input.next();

     

    // prompting user for age

     System.out.print ("Please enter your age: ");

     age = input.nextInt();

     

    // displaying message

     System.out.print (name + ", you are " + age + " years old!");   }

}

[multipage=Java Casting and Arithmetic]
Java Data Types and Variables

---

Casting

Casting - to convert the data type of an expression into another data type (e.g. convert char to int).

---

Automatic Type Conversion (no data is lost):

• occurs when the compiler automatically converts one data type to another.
  

These conversions are called widening conversions.

Widening conversions allow data to be represented as a data type with a greater range. For example, a byte can also be represented as a short without any loss of information.

The following are widening conversions permitted by Java:

From	To
byte	short, char, int, long, float, double
short	char, int, long, float, double
char	int, long, float, double
int	long, float, double
long	Float, double
float	double

Example: Converting an int to a double

    int intNum;

double doubleNum;



intNum = 5;

doubleNum = intNum;

---

Explicit Type Conversion (data is lost):

• occurs when the programmer forces a conversion.
  

To convert type1 data into type2 data, put the type1 keyword in brackets in front of the type2 data.
These conversions are called narrowing conversions.

Narrowing conversions allow data to be represented as a data type with a lesser range. These conversions are not permitted by Java. Sometimes, it is “safe” and necessary to make a narrowing conversion. In these cases, a cast needs to be performed.

Example: Converting an double to an int

    int intNum;

double doubleNum;



doubleNum = 5.0;

intNum = (int) doubleNum;

---

Mixing Data Types

In general, operations on values of the same type produce results of that type. In particular, the division of two integers results in an integer value – any remainder is ignored (rounds down).

5/3 = 1
When integer and floating point numbers are mixed in an expression, the result is a floating point number.
integer + floating point = floating point

Example 1

    int i = 5;

int j = 2;

double k = 2.0;

double result;

result = i / j;    //integer division, result = 2

result = i / k;     //real division, result = 2.5

result = (double)i/(double)j;  //real division, result = 2.5

Example 2

    int i = 2;

double d = 3.7;

double y;

y = i / d;    //i is implicitly cast; y is assigned 2.0 x 3.7

Example 3

    int i = 2;

double d = 3.7;

double y;

y = (double)i * d;    //better code; y is assigned 2.0x 3.7

---

Basic Arithmetic Operations

Addition: +
Subtraction: -
Multiplication: *
Division: /

Mathematical operations follow the rules of BEDMAS.

---

Modulo (%)

The mod operator (%) gives the remainder. It has the same precedence as multiplication and division.
5%3 = 2

[multipage=Java Debugging]
Java Debugging

---

Types of Errors

Syntax errors (compile time errors)

• 
  
• easiest to detect
  
• mistakes in following the rules of a programming language (e.g. missing a semicolon etc)
  
• detected by the Java compiler
  
• program will not execute
  

Logic errors

• mistakes in the logic of the program
  
• program does not perform its intended task
  
• hard to detect
  

Runtime errors

• mistakes could be caused by logic errors
  
• invalid input from users (E.g. prompt for an integer but user input a String)
  
• program will halt when it happens
  

---

Avoiding Errors

1. Use meaningful identifiers (variables, classes, methods etc.)
   
2. Indent your statements
   
3. Use internal comments appropriately – comments are supposed to assist readers in understanding a program’s actions
   
4. Use blank lines to separate sections of your programs
   
5. Use constants
   

---

Debugging Syntax errors

• Start the correction process by reading and fixing the first error message – a single error can cause the production of many error messages
  
• Read the error message very carefully to see what the compiler is trying to tell you. Once you have corrected an error, try to remember the message that it produced.
  
• If you get an error message that directs you to one location and you cannot find anything wring on that line, look at the previous line to see if something there is the
  
• cause of the error.
  
• Compare your program with the syntax of a working program.
  

---

Debugging Logic Errors

• Print out the intermediate values of variables
  
• Test the program in sections
  
• Use simple test values
  

[multipage=Java JOptionPane]
Java JOptionPane

---

JOptionPane

JOptionPane allows us to provide basic dialog windows in the program. To use it, we need to import javax.swing.JOptionPane.

Reference:You must login or register to view this content.
Tutorial: You must login or register to view this content.

---

Message Dialog

Option 1: Brings up a dialog that displays a message using a default icon determined by the messageType parameter.

Syntax
showMessageDialog(Component parentComponent, Object message, String title, int messageType)
Example

    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Hello”, “Greeting”, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

Option 2: Brings up a dialog displaying a message, specifying all parameters.
Syntax
showMessageDialog(Component parentComponent, Object message, String title, int messageType, Icon icon)

Example

    ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(“funny.gif”;  

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Hello”, “Greeting”, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE, icon);

Note: To use ImageIcon, you need to import javax.swing.ImageIcon before the class. Try to use .gif format image.

---

Input Dialog

Shows a question-message dialog requesting input from the user.

Syntax
showInputDialog(Object message)

Example

    String input;

int a;

double b;



input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter an Integer”;

a = Integer.parseInt(input); //convert input(a string) into an integer



input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter a decimal value”;

b = Double.parseDouble(input); //convert input(a string) into a double

[multipage=Java If and else]
Java Data Types and Variables

---

Conditional Control or Selection

• statements are used in programming when a decision needs to be made.
  

---

Relational Operators

== Equals (important to use two; one equal sign will be an assignment statement)
!= not equal to
> greater than
< less than
>= greater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to

Only primitive data types
can be compared in relational expressions.

---

Boolean Expressions

The condition of an if statement must be a boolean expression. A boolean expression has one of two outcomes:true or false.

Examples:

Boolean expressions	Value
10 == 4	true / false
10 != 8	true / false
‘B’ <A’	true / false
5 <= 5	true / false
-10 > -25	true / false
3.14 >= 2.0	true / false

---

if Statements

• if statements are used when you want to execute code only if a certain condition is met.
  

if Syntax:

    if ([U]condition/boolean expressions[/U])

{

    //body of if clause

}

Example

    //The following statements will display “SURPISE!” when users enter 1.

int number;



System.out.print(“Enter ‘1’ for a surprise.”;

number = input.nextInt();



if (number == 1) 

{

  System.out.println(“SURPRISE!”;

}

---

Application

    /* application name

* name

* date

* description: This program will “Surprise” users when they enter a number less than 10.

*/



import java.util.Scanner;

public class IfExercise

{

 public static void main(String [] args)

 {

   Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

   int number;

   System.out.println(“Enter a number less than 10 for a surprise.”;

   number = input.nextInt();

   

   if(number < 10)

   {

     System.out.println(“Surprise”;

     System.out.println(“Another Surprise!”;

   }



 }



}

if..else Syntax:

if..else statements are used when you have to make a decision between two choices.

    if (condition)

{



    //body of if clause



}

else    

{



    //body of else clause





}

Example

    /*The following statements will display “ice will melt at this temp” if users enter the   *temperate greater than 0, otherwise it will display “water will freeze at this temp”.

*/



double temp;



System.out.print(“Enter a temperature: ”;

temp = input.nextDouble();



if ( temp > 0) 

{

  System.out.println(“ice will melt at this temp”;

}

else 

{

  System.out.println(“water will freeze at this temp”;

}

---

Nested Statements

• An if-else statement can contain another if-else or if statement
  

Example

    //The following code gives a hint when the user does not guess the correct number.

final int SECRET_NUM = 7;

int guess;



System.out.print(“Guess a number: ”;

guess = input.nextInt();



if (guess == SECRET_NUM) //correct

{ 

System.out.println("You guessed it!");

}

else 

{

if (guess < SEC_NUM) //too low 

{ 

System.out.println("Too low.");

} 

else //too high

{     

System.out.println("Too high.");

}

}

[multipage=Java Boolean Operators]
Boolean Operators

Boolean operators can be used to combine two or more conditions in an if statement.

Boolean Operators
&& And (true only if both values are true)
|| Or (true if ether Boolean value is true)
! Not (switches the value of a Boolean expression from true to false or vice versa)

Exp1	Exp2	AND (&&	OR (||)
True	True	True	True
True	False	False	True
False	True	False	True
False	False	False	False

Expression	NOT (!)
True	False
False	True

Examples
//OR example: The following code requires users to guess a number between 1 and 10.

    final int SECRET_NUM = 7;

int guess;



System.out.print(“Guess a number between 1 and 10:”;

guess = input.nextInt();



if (guess>10 || guess<0 ) //invalid guess

{

    System.out.println("Invalid guess!");

}

else if (guess == SECRET_NUM) //correct

{

System.out.println("You guessed it!");

}

else

{

if (guess < SEC_NUM) //too low

{

System.out.println("Too low.");

}

else //too high

{     

System.out.println("Too high.");

}

}

• Can’t be greater than 10 AND less than 0 = a number can’t be both at the same time (you only have one guess)
  
• Make sure your boolean operator is comparing two things (right: guess>0 [guess compared with zero) (syntax error: <0 [what’s less than zero?])
  

//AND example : The following code determines if a person qualify to vote in the Ontario Provincial Election

    

if (______________________________) //eligible voter

{

    System.out.println("You can vote.");

}

else //not eligible

{

System.out.println("Sorry, you can’t vote here.  You are either underage or not an citizen.");

}

• only if both need to be true/false, use AND
  
• Ensure that the boolean variable has a value in it (true/false) >> then you won’t need to compare it (eg. if (age>=18 && citizen) [citizen is a boolean, so it’s either true or false, and it’s not comparing with anything]
  
• Compare two things need two equal signs (==); one equal sign just assigns a variable
  

//NOT example : The following code determine if a person qualify to get a driver’s

    if (!age<16 ) //eligible driver

{

    System.out.println("You can get a driver’s licence.");

}

else //not eligible

{

System.out.println("Sorry, you are underage.");

}

• (continued later) !NonOntarion example...
  

---

Short circuit evaluation

Java uses short-circuit evaluation for determining the result of a compound Boolean expression. In short-circuit evaluation, the left operand is evaluated first. If the result of the entire expression can be determine by the value of the left operand, then no other operands will be evaluated.

Example
In (x < 10 || x > 20), if x is less than 10, the second operand will not be evaluated.
In (x > 5 && x < 20), if x is less than 5, the second operand will not be evaluated.

• If first statement is already true, then the next statement will not even be looked at
  
• False and Ampersand (&& automatically create a false statement
  
• True and Or (||) automatically create a true statement
  

Order of Operations

NOT (!) is evaluated before AND (&&, OR (||) is evaluated last.

Example
!5 < 6 || 2 > 4 && 3 < 6 evaluates to false because !5 < 6 is performed first, then 2 > 4 && 3 < 6, and then false || false. Parentheses, (), can be used to change the order of operations.

• Use brackets to make another boolean operator go first
  

Honestly, I think this is one of the best Java starter tutorials I have really ever seen in this section. Kudos to you, make some more,

---------- Post added at 09:08 PM ---------- Previous post was at 09:08 PM ----------



Honestly, I think this is one of the best Java starter tutorials I have really ever seen in this section. Kudos to you, make some more,

Thank you man and I will try to keep it up, I just hope it inspires people to try other programing languages,java is really underrated compared to C++/C#.

I wouldn't say underrated when compared to C# but C++, it still isn't as powerful. C# is more of based on VB.NET and the simplicity of Java.

C#, Java, and C++ are the three programming languages that any programmer should have under their belt. I have C# and a beginners level of Java. I can read C++ but can't write it yet.

I'm probably going to learn C++ eventually and use that to develop programs as a hobby and keep learning C# for XNA. I'd learn Java just to be able to create a Runescape Private server and also modify Minecraft.

Yup good points,I shouldn't say its "underrated" but it seems it gets skipped over and people go straight to C++ and that's cool that you know about XNA you should really post some things about it there is almost nothing on NGU about XNA.

I was thinking about trying my hand at XNA Game Studio 4.0 but never got around to doing it.

Honestly, I only know from what I've read on how to do some of the things with XNA but I've never actually had the chance to actually use it yet. I'm still saving for a computer and when I get it is when I will be learning how to use XNA. Microsoft has several full game tutorials that takes you from pressing "New Project" to the end and it's a matter of going through and doing them all, reading up on extra information and tricks and then figuring out if you can't build the games without using the tutorial.

The game that is shown in my signature is the game I want to make with XNA. Since XNA can be for mobile, computer and xbox, I'd love to see it be completed for the three, supported I should say.

I think that would be cool, more users would play it and just make it a free release. (Can't sell it because I don't own the rights).

Ok I will definitely look up those tutorials on XNA and good luck with Pokemon Fallacy's development, when ever you make it I will try it out for sure, I loved Pokemon back on the game boy....good times

Yea, I'm wanting to give it updated visuals, give Team Rocket what they deserved in the games.

I'm planning on changing up the towns and everything, renaming and re-configuring the map while following the original game to a point.

Nice if you manage to keep the story the same and ash beats the S*** out of Team Rocket at the end it might be the best game ever made lol.

I don't plan on having the player Ash in there. I do still want Giovanni to exist where he has control of Mewtwo and is raining hell on the region.

I'm planning on adding a twist to the plot, depending upon your choice in a certain conversation, your rival may end up switching onto the other side and joins Team Rocket.

I want it to where you battle Giovanni with the armored MewTwo and if you win, then MewTwo breaks free, thanks you and in a flash of light, vanishes.

I want it to be that at the beginning, second city, there are signs of Team Rocket but you don't see them. By the 3rd gym leader, they make their first appearance and from there it goes down hill.

I'm still planning out the game and until I have the whole thing written out, I won't start making it. Then it's a matter of drawing out how the maps should go and where things should plot and then it's a matter of programming.