I completely fixed it. I have all my old files on it, without an issue as of yet.
All I did was buy a 500GB TOSHIBA external hard drive from PCWorld/Currys (£44.99), and within Disk Utility, I formatted it to Mac OSX (Journaled); then it allowed me to transfer all my files, apps, settings etc over onto the external hard drive. Once done (took about 2 hours to backup), I zero erased my internal Macbook Pro's hard drive, then restarted the computer. It automatically went into Disk Utility, and so I clicked "Install OSX Lion" or something similar to that; it downloaded for about 7-8 hours (my internet speed is shockingly awful). Once done, it asked me to create a new account, as if it was a brand new Macbook Pro. Once I logged in, I went into Migration Assistant, and it found the external hard drive (which I backed up before) perfectly fine. It started transferring all my previous files, apps, settings etc back over. This took about an hour or so. Once done, I could log in to my old Macbook user (before any of these errors happened), and then delete the account which we created after re-installing OSX. Once that's done, congrats, you're back to normal!
I'm not too sure what actually caused the OS to be corrupt, but I'm assuming it either has something to do with Auto-Turn on, or Loginox (an app which changed the login screen).
If anyone's had the same problem as me, this is your solution