No it cannot. I have been running the same rooted phone for over a year. I have flashed more custom ROM's than I can count. If you could it would have happened to me a long time ago. Google does not care, it's the manufacturers that care. For example Motorola has an encrypted bootloader that makes it very hard to flash a new ROM. If you screw something up on a newer Moto your phone is bricked.
You have no worries. It does void your warranty but most custom roms can be uninstalled and your phone can be flashed with a stock rom which will usually restore your phone to what is what shipped as.