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Minecraft is a sandbox construction game, inspired by Infiniminer, Dwarf Fortress and Dungeon Keeper, created by Markus Persson, the founder of Mojang AB. The game involves players creating and destroying various types of blocks in a three-dimensional environment. The player takes an avatar that can destroy or create blocks, forming fantastic structures, creations and artwork across the various multiplayer servers in multiple game modes.
Minecraft is available to players for 19.95 or $19.95 respectively . Singleplayer and multiplayer, when purchased, can be played in the user's web browser, or using the downloadable client. Minecraft Classic is available to play for free. Minecraft development started around the 10th of May 2009, and pre-orders for the full game started being accepted on the 13th of June 2009. Minecraft's official release date was the 18th of November 2011. On the 5th of May 2012, Minecraft was released for the Xbox 360 on Xbox Live Arcade (for 1600 points, about $20), where it soon shattered all previous sales records.

Gameplay
Gameplay in Minecraft consists mainly of adding and destroying blocks in a randomly generated world. There are several different types of blocks, some of which perform special functions like spreading or falling down because of gravity.
With these blocks, players create large constructions such as castles, roads, buildings and skywalks, along with forms of artwork. A chessboard or giant picture rarely goes amiss on a server. Not only have users designed buildings, pixel art, and caves, but also mini-sports. Using the current in-game features, users have put them to clever use. An example of a Minecraft sport is Spleef.
Notch has added a Survival and Creative modes, and is planning on adding Adventure mode and other modes to give Minecraft more gameplay. Minecraft is currently considered purely a sandbox construction game. Users who have bought the game have access to the full version of the game. This version is as bug-free as possible, and the user can still get updates. Crafting, farming, new blocks, and a more configurable map generator are all included in this version. This game used to be in Beta, Alpha, Indev, and Infdev, until the 18th of November, 2011.

A.GAME MODES
There are multiple modes in the game and these are survival, creative, adventure and hardcore. In the level.dat, survival mode is gametype=0, creative is gametype=1 and adventure is gametype=2. Hardcore is survival with the addition of hardcore=1 (for survival and creative, hardcore=0). This knowledge allows hacking to change game modes by editing your world's level.dat.

A1. SURVIVAL
In this mode, players have to gather all their materials to build things, craft things and gain experience points. There is a health bar, a hunger bar, an armor bar, an inventory and, when underwater, an oxygen bar. Also you will lose health depending on the height you drop from areas or being attacked by hostile mobs.

A2. CREATIVE
The player will have access to an infinite amount of all blocks and items available, and can destroy blocks and items instantly. Players are invulnerable and do not have health, armor, or hunger and can fly. There are mobs in the world, as opposed to the original classic version. The player can also spawn almost any mob.
In Creative mode, the only way for the player to die is by falling into the Void.

A3. ADVENTURE
Players can interact with objects such as levers and buttons, and can interact with mobs. However, they can not break or place blocks, making this mode good for adventure maps.

A4. HARDCORE
In this mode, which plays in the same way as Survival mode, the difficulty level is permanently set to "Hard" and the map must be deleted upon the player's death. Hardcore was introduced as part of the beta 1.9 pre-release and is playable in the full version of Minecraft.
Technically, Hardcore is a game mode modifier rather than a mode. However without cheating it is only possible to get "Hardcore Survival". To attain "Hardcore Creative" mode, the player must edit the game world with external tools. There is almost no visible difference between "Hardcore Creative" and "Non-Hardcore Creative", because in Creative mode the only way to die is to fall into the Void. Because of this, "Hardcore" usually refers to "Hardcore Survival". On a server, if someone dies, they will be banned. If everyone on a server gets banned, the world for the server will be deleted.

B. BLOCKS
Blocks are the basic units in Minecraft, and are essential to the gameplay. Together, they build up the in-game environment, and can be mined and utilized in various fashions. There are one hundred and fifty three different blocks.

B1. HISTORY OF THE BLOCKS
In Minecraft Classic, the player could build with naturally occurring blocks (except for Redstone and diamond), and can use bookshelf, sponge, colored wool, brick, obsidian and moss stone. Operators of servers could also build Bedrock. Some custom servers gave the ability to place grass and fluid blocks, too.
In Survival Test, the player began with 10 TNT blocks and could obtain dirt, cobblestone from stone, wooden planks from wood, gold blocks from gold ore, iron blocks from iron ore, stone slabs from coal ore, and white wool from sheep.
When playing the current version, the player can craft a variety of blocks. The Pocket Edition has 2 additional blocks: the cyan flower and camera.

B2. BUGS WITH BLOCKS
When placing a block in any version of Minecraft with a slow, laggy computer, two blocks may be placed when only clicking once, and when attempting to remove one block, two blocks may be removed. This also happens with doors. People with particularly low-end hardware may even experience three blocks being placed or removed with one click of the mouse. A good way of combating this problem is by reducing the render distance or by using mods like Optifine to change the game settings and speed up the game.

C. ENCHANTING
Enchanting is a mechanic which utilizes an Enchantment Table to add special abilities to armor, tools, and weapons. Enchantments require the usage of experience points, with successively higher enchantments requiring more experience.

C1. ENCHANTING BASICS
An item can be enchanted by first right-clicking on the Enchanting Table, which will display a GUI with one item slot. Upon placing the item in the item slot, three randomized options will appear on the right of the GUI. Only enchantments with a required level less than or equal to the player's can be selected. Each option will imbue the item with a randomized set of enchantments which are dependent on the number of experience levels spent.
The text on the three options of the enchanting GUI is meaningless, but the level number influences the amount, type, and level of enchantments gained on the item, with a higher experience level resulting in more enchantments and more potent forms of said enchantments.
Enchantable items are currently limited to all kinds of armor, tools (limited to pickaxes, shovels, and axes), swords, and bows.
There are several levels on most enchantments, and obtaining multiple enchantments is a possibility, with the probability increasing with higher experience levels for everything but boots.

D.MOBS
Mobs are living, moving game entities. Generally, mobs are affected by the environment in the same ways as the player, they are subject to physics, they can be hurt by catching on fire, falling, drowning, or suffocating, and they can even ride minecarts. When mobs are killed, they drop items which may be useful resources. Mobs come to exist by spawning in various ways. Players can spawn most mobs using spawn eggs in Creative mode. Mobs are aware of players within 16 blocks of them, except for Ghasts, which can see up to 100 blocks away and Endermen, which can see up to 64 blocks away.
The term mob is short for mobile and has been used as a general term referring to any moving entities in games since the first MUDs surfaced.
D1. CURRENT MOBS

D1A. PASSIVE MOBS WHICH ARE:
Cows,pigs,sheep,mooshroom,ocelot,squid, and villagers

D1B. NEUTRAL MOBS WHICH ARE: endermen,wolves, and zombie pigmen

Note: they don't touch you unless you touch them

D1C. TAMABLE MOBS WHICH ARE: wolves and ocelot

D1D. HOSTILE MOBS WHICH ARE: blaze, cave spiders, creepers, ghasts, Magma cube, silverfish, skeletons,
Slimes, Spiders, spider jockeys, And zombies

D1E. UTILITITY MOBS WHICH ARE: snow golems and iron golems.

D1F. BOSS MOBS WHICH ARE: the ender dragon.

F. REDSTONE MECHANISMS/CIRCUITS

F1. REDSTONE DUST
Redstone dust acts as a power conductor. Power will travel through 15 redstone dust and then it turns back into a redstone which hasn't been powered. To increase the range, place Redstone repeaters in the circuit. To place Redstone dust, right-click on a block while holding Redstone dust. Note that Redstone can't be placed on glass. Also note that Redstone dust can't be placed on non solid blocks (i.e. leaves)

F2. POWERING BLOCKS
Some blocks in Minecraft may be powered or unpowered. Think of a "powered block" as any block or empty space (though not truly empty, an Air block can be powered) that is invisibly electrified but safe to touch.
Power may be transmitted from a powered block to one or more of the six directly adjacent blocks. To transmit power, a block must be one of the following:
an active power source (a Redstone Torch),
the block to which a switch is attached (that is, the block under a pressure plate or the block on which a lever or button is mounted),
the block a switch is in,
the block above a Redstone Torch
an active power conductor (Redstone Wire that is immediately adjacent to a powered block).
One must be careful to note that a Redstone torch placed on the side of a block of dirt is actually part of the block next to the dirt, not part of the dirt block itself. Similarly, Redstone wire that is placed on top of a block of dirt is part of the block above the dirt. However, if the block on which the Redstone wire is placed becomes powered in any way, so does the Redstone wire. Each actively powered block transmits power in several directions, depending on the contents of the block:A Redstone torch powers itself and the block directly above it, unless that block is air. Because of how Redstone wires work, this also activates adjacent power conducts (Redstone Wire).
A pressure plate activates the block it is physically located in, as well as the block below (on which it is placed).
A Detector Rail acts exactly the same as a pressure plate but will only be activated when a minecart of any kind rests on it.
A lever powers the block in which it is located and the block on which it is placed.
A button powers the block in which it is located and the block on which it is placed.
Redstone Wire powers itself, the block below it, or the block it is pointing to.

F3. REDSTONE WIRE AND SIGNAL STRENGTH.
Whether a block is weakly or normally (strongly) powered affects how Redstone wires interact with it. Blocks are strongly powered by Redstone power sources; torches (from below), repeaters, levers, pressure plates etc. If a block is powered only by Redstone wire then it is weakly powered. Redstone wire which is adjacent to, on top of, or below a block that is strongly powered will become active. It will not become active if that block is weakly powered. Redstone wire can be implemented into many useful designs such as sliding doors, wiring multiple things such as lanterns together, and many more.

F4. POWERING DEVICES
A device, such as a door,a rail, a powered rail, a block of TNT, a piston, a sticky piston, a trapdoor, a redstone lamp, a dispenser, a note block or fence gate is activated when an adjacent block is powered. As a simple example, placing a Redstone torch next to a door will change the state of the door to on. Similarly, standing on a pressure plate immediately adjacent to a door will activate the door. However, standing on a pressure plate two blocks away from a door will not activate the door, because the power does not reach the block next to or under the door.
To power devices at a distance, the power must be conducted from the active power source to the device; Redstone wire is used for this purpose. As noted above, the Redstone wire is part of the block it is physically located in, not the block to which it is attached. Redstone wire, or dust, has two states: on (lit) and off (unlit).
The simplest way to activate Redstone wire is to put a Redstone torch or switch adjacent to the wire. It also works to have a torch or switch directly above the wire, attached to a wall.
A Redstone torch is itself a powered device; its default state is "on", but it will be turned off if it receives power from the block to which it is attached. This feature, along with the use of wire to transmit power in particular directions over distance, is the basis for the advanced Redstone devices and circuitry below.
Care must be taken to follow the power rules precisely, or one might see unexpected results. For example, consider a pressure plate. Activating the plate will power the block underneath the plate as well as the block in which the plate resides. Nevertheless, Redstone wire beneath this block will still be powered, because it is adjacent to the powered block above it. However, activating the plate will not turn off a Redstone torch placed beneath the powered blockin fact, placing a Redstone torch under the block under the pressure plate will power it continuously, effectively disabling the plate.

F4A. SPECIFIC POWERING DEVICES
Certain devices act in specific ways, for example:
If a block is powered, then a Redstone torch attached to it will deactivate.
If a block is powered, then a door on top of it or adjacent to it will toggle its state from open to closed or vice versa. (The actual state will depend because doors were implemented unintuitively.)
If a note block or a dispenser is powered, then it will play or shoot once, respectively.
If a block is powered and rails are above it, then they will toggle shape (the player can still have the wiring power the rail directly).
If a piston is powered, then it will activate.

F4B. SIGNAL LENGTH
Not only does it matter in some circuits if something gets powered, but also how long something gets powered. The different Redstone power sources produce different signal lengths. The four main sources produce signals according the following list:
Redstone Torches - produce in its burning state a unlimited length signals.
Pressure Plates - produce signals with a length according to them being put down.
Levers - produce in their 'on' state unlimited length signals.
Buttons - produce according to the wiki when pushed a 10 tick (1 second) long signal
The length of a signal can be changed by different circuits and is very important when different blocks need to interact with each other. A sticky piston for examples needs 1 tick to push outward, but it seems to need a bit over a tick to attach again to something 1 block away from it. So it would not pull a block back if its only gets powered for 1 tick.
Problems with short signals Overall very short signals seem to be prone to not correctly interact with the game world, as the update cycle on the blocks seem sometimes too be lagging behind. Rapidly changing signals seem to make it even worse. Pistons are very prone to make such problems visible, as they seem to react faster to power changes than their neighboring block seem to update.

F4C. COMMON ERRORS TO AVOID
The following are common errors to avoid:
Placing next to TNT.
Placing next to Water.
Trying to transmit power through a block that doesn't have any Redstone wire on it. While a generic block (dirt, sand, gravel, etc.) adjacent to the end of a wire can receive power, it will not transmit that power to wire on the other side, because it is not one of the blocks that can transmit power. If you have a block that you cannot move, send wire around it (including on top of it). Alternatively, you can put a repeater on the side transmitting power, as repeaters can send power through blocks
Trying to transmit power through a block that is transparent or non-solid(e.g. Glass , Half-slabs , Stairs , Cake ,etc.) , as they will not allow redstone current to pass through.
If a block has Redstone wire on top and a Redstone torch on the side, then the block above the torch must be either air, glowstone, glass, farmland or a half-tile (unless you know what you're doing). If you place any solid block above the torch, it will create a feedback loop and the torch will probably burn out.

F4D. LOGIC GATES
A logic gate can be thought of as a simple device that will return a number of outputs, determined by the pattern of inputs and rules that the logic gate follows. For example, if both inputs in an AND gate are in the 'true'/'on'/'powered' state, then the gate will return 'true'/'on'/'powered'.
Most circuits have multiple valid implementations, with various advantages and disadvantages between designs such as size, complexity, performance, maintenance overhead.
Keep in mind that:
tick is the delay between the events "Redstone torch receives power" and "Redstone torch turns off or on". (depending on its initial state);
repeaters can be set to 1,2,3,4 tick(s). One tick = 1/10 of a second.
The rapid pulser is too fast for repeaters.
Also keep in mind that you can use redstone repeaters on the 5-clock pulser, on the 'straight' redstone. If this circuit is going to work, you need to ONLY have the repeaters on the 'straight' redstone or replace some not block-torch gates with repeaters!!! in pairs!!!, up to as little as one not gate. If not in pairs, it will never change state. If that is done, the interval will be "NOT gate count"+"repeater total delay".

G. TEXTURE PACKS.
A texture pack is a collection of files that is used to change the in-game textures of blocks, items, mobs and the GUI. They are zip files that have various PNG images in them and a pack.txt. The native resolution of Minecraft's Texture is 1616 (measured pixels in block height and width). 3232, 6464, 128128, 256256 and 512512 are referred to as HD and requires third party modifications to run correctly. A very common patcher is MCPatcher or the mod Optifine (which improves performance) and has an HD patch built in. The crash with high resolution texture packs was fixed, but they still don't work correctly with the unpatched client. The game will run, but due to the different size of the texture files, some textures will appear within other textures, such as small fire animations appearing on grass blocks. The errors differ between packs and resolutions. Texture packs can be read without being in a .zip file, which allows the use of the "texture pack reloading" key (which is F3 + T).
All PC versions of Minecraft support custom textures, although old versions require you to modify the minecraft.jar file. High resolution texture packs are supported on all versions without a patch, however certain textures have errors or may not be changed.

G1. INSTALLATION.
1. Download a texture pack in a ZIP file format. If you create your own textures, you need to ZIP them. 2. Run Minecraft. If you already have Minecraft running, make sure you save and quit the world: you need to be in the main menu to continue.
3. Click Texture Packs button.
4. Click Open Texture Pack Folder button; this will open the folder where Minecraft stores all texture packs. If nothing happens, you need to find the folder manually. Depending on your operating system it is:
Windows XP/Vista/7: %appdata%\.minecraft\texturepacks
GNU/Linux: ~/.minecraft/texturepacks (This folder may be hidden in the Home Folder)
Mac OS X: ~/Library/Application Support/minecraft/texturepacks (This folder may be hidden)
5. Do not close Minecraft. Place the texture pack in the opened folder.
6. In a few seconds the texture pack will appear in Minecraft. Select it and click Done. The texture pack is now applied, you may load your world and see the difference.

H. SERVERS.
Minecraft servers allow players to play online with other people. They may either be run on a hosted Minecraft server service, a dedicated server, a Virtual Private Server or a home machine.

Will update.

Credit: NuttyLobbys for everything